scope:

This Practice provides guidance for evaluation, selection, and specification of pipe bends for on-shore metallic pipelines designed and constructed to ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems and ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquids and Slurries. This Practice covers the following types of bends:

a. Manufactured fittings

b. Induction (hot) bends formed off-site

c. Cold bends formed on-site

This Practice provides guidance for evaluation of which bend type to select by providing pros and cons based on specific site rights-of-way, pipe size and wall thickness, shipping considerations, pipe ovality, pigging requirements, etc. Additional, more explanatory references recommendations are also provided.