scope:

1.1 This European Standard establishes general principles forthe execution of displacement piles, that means piles which areinstalled in the ground without excavation or removal of materialfrom the ground except for limiting heave and/or limiting vibrationas well as removal of obstructions or to assist penetration. Pilesare driven into the ground using impact, vibration, pressing,screwing or a combination of these methods. 1.2 The material ofdisplacement piles covered by this European Standard can be: ?steel; ? cast iron; ? concrete, mortar; ? timber; ? grout; ?combination of above. 1.3 This European Standard coversprefabricated, cast in situ, or a combination of these methods toform displacement piles of regular shape. Examples are given inFigure A.2 and Figure A.3. 1.4 Displacement piles may be installedin soils enhanced by ground improvement techniques. The groundimprovement can be executed before, at the same time or afterinstallation of the piles. 1.5 Other than practical considerationsthere are for the purpose of this European Standard no limitationsregarding cross section dimensions, shaft or base enlargements,length or rake. 1.6 The provisions of this European Standard applyto: ? single piles; ? pile groups; ? concrete sheet piles. 1.7Columns constructed by ground improvement techniques (such as mixedin situ columns, jet grouting, compaction grouting, vibroflotation, stone columns) are not covered by this EuropeanStandard. Bored piles are covered in EN 1536. Steel and timbersheet pile walls are covered in EN 12063. Micropiles are covered inEN 14199.