scope:

Abstract:

Due to tight funding constraint, both the Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 1 projects were staffed by lean teams operating with ambitious schedules. For the unsuccessful MPL, many key technical areas were staffed by a single individual with little or no technical backup.

Avoid staffing flight projects with individuals having no backups, and provide checks and balances for technical decision-making. Where "single-string" individuals can't be avoided, document decisions, inform peers and management, and track as a risk item.