scope:

The ideal piping system would be a single piece of pipe, so formed, shaped, sized, and directed as to contain or convey the fluid required by the process in which it is involved. For most systems this cannot be. Changes in size, shape, direction, and operating conditions usually preclude such a fabrication, Joints become necessary. Piping systems usually mush be made of many different components, and the joints that connect them must be as strong and serviceable as the components themselves. therefore, engineers and mechanics should ry to apply those joining methods which most nearly meet the conditions of one-piece fabrication and also allow for neccessary assembly, erection, maintenance, and operation.

abstract: