scope:

Contents

PART 1. NATURAL WATER SUPPLIES

• Rain water
• Surface water
• River water
• Spring water
• Well water
• Canal water
• Pit water
• Effects of drought
• Condensate as feed water
• Water blending

PART 2. SCALE FORMATION

• Effect of scale
• Lime-soda process
• Hot lime-soda softening
• General notes on plant
• Nuclear precipitation
• Caustic soda softening
• Sodium aluminate with lime-soda treatment
• Zeolite or base-exchange softeners
• Partial Zeolite softening
• Hydrogen and demineralizing zeolites
• Lime-base exchange treatment
• The B.B.A. dejector
• Lime-barium softeners
• Necessity for conditioning boiler feed
• Colloidal conditioning
• Mechanism of scale formation
• Carbonate and phosphate conditioning
• Use of metaphosphate and pyrophosphate
• Budenheim phosphate treatment
• Silica scales and deposits
• Turbine blade deposits
• Potassium treatment
• Chlorination of condenser cooling water
• Scale formation in cooling water systems
• Scale formation in economizers 
• Electrical scale prevention
• Removal of scales and deposits

PART 3. CORROSION

• Early theories of corrosion
• Corrosion by differential aeration 
• Dissolved oxygen Deaeration by chemical methods
• Deaeration by physical methods
• Corrosion due to unstable salts 
• Danger of soft water Corrosion by carbon dioxide 
• Superheater and turbine corrosion
• Economizer corrosion
• The treatment of alkaline waters
• Caustic embrittlement
• Hydrogen ion concentration
• Determination of pH values
• Hydrogen ions and corrosion
• Coagulation control
• Softening plant control
• Boiler water recirculation
• Electrical methods of preventing corrosion

PART 4. FOAMING AND PRIMING

• Causes of priming
• Balanced layer film formation
• Foam stabilization
• Prevention of priming
• Blow-down control
• Intermittent blow-down 
• Continuous blow-down systems
• Use of condensate and blending of waters
• Removal of oil from water
• Methods of de-oiling water

PART 5. ANALYSIS AND ROUTINE TESTING

• Sampling
• Standard solutions
• Frequency of analyses
• Units
• Control tests for softening
• Raw water
• Chemicals required for treatment
• Control tests for softening
• Treated water
• Tests for carbonate and phosphate conditioning
• Dissolved oxygen
• Blow-down testing
• Embrittlement ratios
• General water analysis
• Analysis of scales
• Residual chlorine
• Tannins
• Appendix
• Index 
• Standard solutions
• Reagents-Clark's table of hardnesses
• Chemical factors
• Conversion tables
• Summary of recommended practice