scope:

The design rules hereafter apply to flat ends and plates and tube bundles of heat exchangers as far as their staying effect is concerned. They are based on the Kirchhoff equations for plates taking into consideration the effect of the boundary conditions and multiple openings approximately. In addition, the C-factors also include the effect of a Poisson's ratio of 0,3.

In the case of materials where the Poisson's ratio differs considerably, and in those cases where the dimensions exceed the limits:

a separate stress and deformation analysis is necessary.

For D, the relevant design diameter shall be substituted. This distinction does not apply to tube plates where mutual bracing is provided by the tubes.