scope:

INTRODUCTION

CRUDE OILS, petroleum products and lubricants are highly complex materials and enormous efforts have been spent by the oil companies throughout the world to characterize their chemical and physical properties with a high degree of precision and accuracy. The explosive growth in the availability of modern analytical instrumentation in the last four to five decades has significantly helped in the task of petroleum products analyses. These modern techniques have largely supplanted the classical "wet chemistry" types of analyses, which were used in the first half of the last century [1, 2]. However, there are still a few areas where some specific analyses need these older techniques.

ASTM Committee DO2 Petroleum Products and Lubricants has since the last century led these efforts to develop more reliable and standard test methods to the point that in all corners of the world ASTM DO2 standards are considered as the final arbitrators of the quality of a petroleum related product. Other national and international standardization bodies such as EI (formerly called IP) in U.K., AFNOR in France, DIN in Germany, JIS in Japan, and ISO have also contributed significantly in developing standard test methods for the analyses of petroleum products. However, many of the latter standards are based on the ASTM DO2 standards. There are about 580 ASTM test method standards available that involve a variety of analytical techniques to identify or quantify, or both, about 230 chemical and physical properties of crude oils, gasoline, reformulated gasoline, lubricating oils, additives, transmission fluids, lubricating greases, gear oils, aviation fuels, diesel and heating fuels, petroleum waxes, marine fuels, and other specialty petroleum products. These test methods are annually published in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards [3]. Additional methods continue to be developed in many oil company laboratories either to improve on the existing methods or to enable determination of other properties. Many of such methods remain proprietary to the oil companies.

An earlier manual on the significance of tests for petroleum products emphasized the rationale of specific tests conducted on different products [4]. However, this valuable manual did not include the details of any tests, but rather discussed the compositions of products and the primary quality characteristics that defined that material's use in applications. It is certainly not the intention of this author to replace the Annual Book of ASTM Standards or the other valuable manual with the current book, but rather to view it as a complementary material for the customer. The purpose of this book is to make available in one handy volume, the essential elements of all analytical tests used to characterize the petroleum products. It is of course critical for the testing laboratory personnel to be fully familiar with all the details of the tests they are performing. But it is also important for non-laboratory personnel to know at least the significance, advantages and limitations of particular tests used to characterize the product quality. Both the suppliers and the customers need to agree on the appropriate product quality specifications, and this can be done only by understanding the pros and cons of these tests. Product specifications not based on realistic testing capabilities can only lead to quality complaints and unhappiness on the part of both suppliers and customers. As such, we expect that this book will prove useful not only to the laboratory personnel, but also to the product specification writers, formulators, process engineers, researchers, and marketing staff in understanding the importance of these tests as well as their limitations, so that sound conclusions can be reached regarding the quality and performance of a company's products.

Table 1 lists other international test methods that are technically equivalent to the ASTM test methods. No claim is being made that all details in ASTM and non-ASTM standards are exactly the same. However, it is expected that if properly followed, both sets should give equivalent results. In an increasingly global marketplace, it is important to be cognizant of such equivalency. Much of this information on the equivalent test methods has been extracted from a compilation that has been prepared by Mr. Tim Berryman and published by the Institute of Petroleum, London. Although at one time leading European national standards organizations such as IP, DIN, and AFNOR produced their own independent standards, lately they are being integrated with the ISO (or more specifically EN-ISO) series standards. The reason for this is that there is a European Union legal requirement to publish all EN standards as the national standards and to withdraw all existing conflicting standards. The vast majority of EN standards are actually implementation of the corresponding ISO standards. Table 1 retains the original designations of the European national bodies with which most people are familiar, rather than the new common EN-ISO designations. Again, it is not claimed that the alternate methods are exactly equivalent, but it should be remembered that they may be technically equivalent or technically related. The readers are encouraged to consult the IP publication of Mr. Berryman's compilation for better understanding of the relationship among the test methods. My thanks to Mr. Berryman for permission to include his data here.

All technical information included in this book is based on the Year 2007 editions of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards [3]. We plan to update this manual at some frequency depending on how many new or significantly revised test method standards are issued by ASTM Committee DO2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants. If you notice any errors or omissions, please let us know. We will correct them in future editions.