scope:

This handbook provides guidelines for incorporating electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM) into United States Naval communication systems during the system acquisition process. While the handbook is specifically addressed to the project or acquisition director, it should be useful to other participants in the acquisition process, particularly cognizant managers in the office of the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), the Naval Intelligence Center (NIC), the Naval Security Group (NSG), and personnel in the design, development, and production agencies. Because of the gravity of the Soviet threat facing the fleet and the Navy's critical need for command and control in performing its various missions, managers must understand the importance of measures necessary to ensure the capability to communicate in that threat environment. This is the purpose for incorporating ECCM into the design of the communication system. By use of these guidelines, the desired degree of ECCM capability will be incorporated into the communication system from both an operational and a cost effective basis.

Provisions of this handbook are to be applied by procuring activities and by development and operations activities at appropriate times during the acquisition process. The handbook may also be applied by contractors as a guide for establishing and implementing an ECCM program during the contract phase. Although this handbook is intended for use in the acquisition of communication (COM) systems, the handbook can apply equally satisfactorily in the acquisition of other electronic systems.

To ensure early consideration of ECCM as well as to provide the necessary continuity for achieving and monitoring the required ECCM, the handbook follows the framework of the acquisition process for the system. Section 4 covers the overall approach to be taken. Section 5 covers specific actions to be taken by the manager to implement the approach in Section 4. Together, Section 4 and Section 5 cover the steps to be taken during the acquisition process and the responsibilities of the manager for ensuring that the system has a high probability of continued operation in the predicted electronic warfare (EW) environment. Appendices A through D cover in greater detail the various aspects of ECCM that are to be implemented by the manager.

EW is divided into the three areas specified in a through c:

a. Electronic warfare support measures (ESM): Encompasses the actions to extract information from the opponents EM radiations.

b. Electronic countermeasures (ECM): Encompasses the actions to prevent, reduce the effectiveness of, or exploit the opponent's use of EM radiation.

c. ECCM: Actions to ensure effective use of one's own electromagnetic (EM) radiation while denying the opponent's effective use of ESM.

ECCM is divided into anti-ESM consisting of low probability of exploitation (LPE) techniques, of which low probability of intercept (LPI) is a subset, and anti-ECM consisting of anti-jamming (AJ) techniques. The anti-ECM techniques are useful in combatting self-jamming, whether self-jamming is due to intentional jamming of the opponent's systems or interference caused by incompatibility with other friendly users.