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AASHTO LRFDCONS

LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications

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Organization: AASHTO
Publication Date: 1 January 2010
Status: inactive
Page Count: 717
scope:

FOREWORD

The first broadly recognized national standard to design and construct bridges in the United States was published in 1931 by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO), the predecessor to AASHTO. With the advent of the automobile and the establishment of highway departments in all of the American states dating back to just before the turn of the century, the design, construction, and maintenance of most U.S. bridges was the responsibility of these departments and, more specifically, the chief bridge engineer within each department. It was natural, therefore, that these engineers, acting collectively as the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures, would become the author and guardian of this first bridge standard.

This first publication was entitled Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges and Incidental Structures. It quickly became the de facto national standard and, as such, was adopted and used by not only the state highway departments but also other bridge-owning authorities and agencies in the United States and abroad. The title was soon revised to Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges and new editions were released about every four years. AASHTO released the 17th and final edition in 2002.

The body of knowledge related to the design of highway bridges has grown enormously since 1931 and continues to do so. Theory and practice have evolved greatly, reflecting advances through research in understanding the properties of materials, in improved materials, in more rational and accurate analysis of structural behavior, in the advent of computers and rapidly advancing computer technology, in the study of external events representing particular hazards to bridges such as seismic events and stream scour, and in many other areas. The pace of advances in these areas has accelerated in recent years. To accommodate this growth in bridge engineering knowledge, the Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures has been granted authority under AASHTO's governing documents to approve and issue Bridge Interims each year, not only with respect to the Standard Specifications but also to enhance the twenty-odd additional publications on bridges and structures engineering that are under its stewardship.

In 1986, the Subcommittee submitted a request to the AASHTO Standing Committee on Research to assess U.S. bridge design specifications, to review foreign design specifications and codes, to consider design philosophies alternative to those underlying the Standard Specifications, and to render recommendations based on these investigations. This work was accomplished under the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), an applied research program directed by the AASHTO Standing Committee on Research and administered on behalf of AASHTO by the Transportation Research Board (TRB). The work was completed in 1987, and, as might be expected with continuing research, the Standard Specifications were found to have discernible gaps, inconsistencies, and even some conflicts. Beyond this, the specification did not reflect or incorporate the most recently developing design philosophy, load-and-resistance factor design (LRFD), a philosophy which has been gaining ground in other areas of structural engineering and in other parts of the world such as Canada and Europe.

From its inception until the early 1970s, the sole design philosophy embedded within the Standard Specifications was one known as working stress design (WSD). WSD establishes allowable stresses as a fraction or percentage of a given material's load-carrying capacity, and requires that calculated design stresses not exceed those allowable stresses. Beginning in the early 1970s, WSD was adjusted to reflect the variable predictability of certain load types, such as vehicular loads and wind forces, through adjusting design factors, a design philosophy referred to as load factor design (LFD). Both WSD and LFD are reflected in the current edition of the Standard Specifications.

A further philosophical extension considers the variability in the properties of structural elements, in similar fashion to load variabilities. While considered to a limited extent in LFD, the design philosophy of LRFD takes variability in the behavior of structural elements into account in an explicit manner. LRFD relies on extensive use of statistical methods, but sets forth the results in a manner readily usable by bridge designers and analysts.

With the advent of these specifications, bridge engineers had a choice of two standards to guide their designs, the long-standing AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, and the alternative, newly adopted AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, and its companions, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications and AASHTO LRFD Movable Highway Bridge Design Specifications. Subsequently, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the states mandated that LRFD standards be used to design all new and total replacement bridges after 2007. For more information on FHWA's LRFD policy, please visithttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/lrfd/index.htm.

A new edition of these specifications will be published every two years, followed by an interim edition the immediate year after its release. The Interim Specifications have the same status as AASHTO standards, but are tentative revisions approved by at least two-thirds of the Subcommittee. These revisions are voted on by the AASHTO member departments prior to the publication of each new edition of this book and, if approved by at least two-thirds of the members, they are included in the next new edition as standards of the Association. AASHTO members are the 50 State Highway or Transportation Departments, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Each member has one vote. The U.S. Department of Transportation is a nonvoting member.

Annual Interim Specifications are generally used by the States after their adoption by the Subcommittee. Orders for these annual Interim Specifications may be placed by visiting our website, bookstore.transportation.org, or by calling 1-800-231-3475 (toll free within the U.S. and Canada). A free copy of the current publication catalog can be downloaded from our website or requested from the Publications Sales Office.

The Subcommittee would also like to thank Mr. John M. Kulicki, Ph.D., and his associates at Modjeski and Masters for their valuable assistance in the preparation of the LRFD Specifications.

AASHTO encourages suggestions to improve these specifications. They should be sent to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures, AASHTO, 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001. Inquiries as to intent or application of the specifications should be sent to the same address.

PREFACE

Units

The AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, Third Edition, uses U.S. Customary units only. Per a decision by the subcommittee in 2009, SI units will no longer be included in this edition or future interims.

Document History

January 1, 2023
2023 Interim Revisions to the LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
A description is not available for this item.
January 1, 2022
2022 Interim Revisions to the LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
A description is not available for this item.
November 1, 2021
LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
A description is not available for this item.
January 1, 2020
2020 Interim Revisions to the LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
A description is not available for this item.
January 1, 2017
LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
A description is not available for this item.
January 1, 2017
LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
A description is not available for this item.
January 1, 2017
LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
A description is not available for this item.
January 1, 2017
LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
A description is not available for this item.
January 1, 2017
LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
PREFACE Units The AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, Fourth Edition, uses U.S. Customary units only. Per a decision by the subcommittee in 2009, SI units will no longer be included in...
January 1, 2016
LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications - 2016 Interim Revision
General AASHTO has issued interim revisions to AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, Third Edition (2010). This packet contains the revised pages. They are not designed to replace the...
January 1, 2014
LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
A description is not available for this item.
January 1, 2012
LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
A description is not available for this item.
January 1, 2011
LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
General AASHTO has issued proposed interim revisions to AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, Third Edition (2010). This packet contains the revised pages. They are not designed to replace...
January 1, 2010
LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
GENERAL AASHTO has issued proposed interim revisions to AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, Third Edition (2010). This packet contains the revised pages. They are not designed to replace...
AASHTO LRFDCONS
January 1, 2010
LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
FOREWORD The first broadly recognized national standard to design and construct bridges in the United States was published in 1931 by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO), the...
January 1, 2010
LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
GENERAL Structure excavation shall consist of the removal of all material, of whatever nature, necessary for the construction of foundations for bridges, retaining walls, and other major structures,...
January 1, 2010
LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
GENERAL Structure excavation shall consist of the removal of all material, of whatever nature, necessary for the construction of foundations for bridges, retaining walls, and other major structures,...
January 1, 2010
LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
GENERAL Structure excavation shall consist of the removal of all material, of whatever nature, necessary for the construction of foundations for bridges, retaining walls, and other major structures,...
January 1, 2009
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
FOREWORD The first broadly recognized national standard for the design and construction of bridges in the United States was published in 1931 by the American Association of State Highway Officials...
January 1, 2008
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
Description This work shall consist of the construction and removal of temporary facilities that are generally designed by the Contractor and employed by the Contractor in the execution of the work,...
August 6, 2007
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
General Forms shall be of wood, steel, or other approved material and shall be mortar tight and of sufficient rigidity to prevent objectional distortion of the formed concrete surface caused by...
January 1, 2007
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
GENERAL This work shall consist of furnishing and installing bridge bearings and the bedding of materials used under masonry plates. Bearings shall be constructed in accordance with the details...
January 1, 2006
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
A description is not available for this item.
January 1, 2004
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
FOREWORD The first broadly recognized national standard for the design and construction of bridges in the United States was published in 1931 by the American Association of State Highway Officials...
January 1, 1998
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
FOREWORD: The first broadly recognized national standard for the design and construction of bridges in the United States was published in 1931 by the American Association of State Highway Officials...

References

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